已修复公式乱码
由Google Translate机翻, 未进行校对，可能会有亿点问题，自己斟酌着看。实在不行看点我看纯英原文版

不是最终题库!
不是最终题库!
不是最终题库!
这是外教给的课后习题，外教最后会有复习课带大家一起精简形成题库

本页浏览次数：

0626

1. Which forms of energy are known to you? Give examples! 您知道哪些形式的能量？ 举个例子吧！

Kinetic energy: Thermal Energy, Mechanical Energy, Magnetic Energy.动能：热能、机械能、磁能。 Potential Energy: Chemical Energy, Elastic Energy, Nuclear Energy, Gravitational Energy.势能：化学能、弹性能、核能、引力能。 Acoustic energy, Radiation energy.声能、辐射能。

2. What heat energy is needed to heat 1 liter of water from 10°C to 98°C? (Heat capacity of water CWater = 4.19 kJ / (kg K)) Which stage of energy conversion is this?将 1 升水从 10°C 加热到 98°C 需要多少热能？ （水的热容CWater=4.19 kJ/（kg·K））这是能量转换的哪一个阶段？

𝑄 = 𝑐 ∗ 𝑚 ∗△ 𝑇 = 4.19 * 1 * (98-10) = 369KJ This is Final Energy.这是最终能源(原因解释见第3题，但是原因不用写)。

3. In the technical use of energy, there are different levels of energy conversion (= types of energy). Name and describe these! Name each 3 examples!在能源的技术使用中，存在不同程度的能源转换（=能源类型）。 命名并描述这些！ 分别举出3个例子！

Primary energy: Energy in its original form, yet to be technical conditioned. Crude oil, coal, natural gas, uranium, solar radiation, wind.初级能源：原始形式的能源，尚未经过技术调节。 原油、煤炭、天然气、铀、太阳辐射、风能。 Final energy: The form of energy, how it is delivered to the end-consumer. Natural gas, fuel oil, fuel electricity, long-distance heating.最终能源：能源的形式以及如何将其传递给最终消费者。 天然气、燃油、燃油电、远距离供暖。 Useful energy: The form of energy, how the end-consumer use it. Light, heat, operating power.有用能源：能源的形式，最终消费者如何使用它。 光、热、运行功率。

4. Based on the following energy conversion chain diagram, justify why, when comparing conventional energy sources, the gas range performs best when it comes to heating water! (题目会给图)

The primary energy demand of the electro stove is with 460 Wh(瓦时) about 50% higher than the gas stove (311 Wh), although the Final energy use is about 30% smaller (175 Wh adverse 280 Wh)电炉的一次能源需求为 460 Wh（瓦时），比燃气灶（311 Wh）高出约 50%，尽管最终能源消耗约少 30%（175 Wh 反 280 Wh）

5. Comment on the evolution of the world energy demand with the help of the graphic below!借助下图评论世界能源需求的演变！

①: After the worldwide economic crisis (1929): Abrupt rise of the energy budget.世界经济危机后（1929年）：能源预算突然上升。
②: Increasing importance of natural gas.天然气的重要性日益增加。
③: Crude oil price crisis.原油价格危机
④: Exponentially rise of the crude oil-delivery rate.原油交割率呈指数级上升
⑤: Increasing importance of nuclear power. However, till today the share of nuclear power to the primary power demand is quite low. Coal; crude oil and natural gas cover 85% of the worldwide primary power demand.核电的重要性日益增加。 然而，直到今天，核电在一次电力需求中所占的份额还相当低。 煤炭; 原油和天然气满足全球一次电力需求的85%。

0627

9. What does a temperature increase on the earth’s surface by a total of 2℃ or by 0.1℃ per decade for humanity mean? Name and discuss the respective scenarios!地球表面温度总共升高2℃，或者每十年升高0.1℃，对人类来说意味着什么？ 说出并讨论相应的场景！

A 2℃ or 0.1℃ per decade temperature increase can lead to severe impacts like extreme weather, rising seas, ecosystem disruptions, and human health risks.每十年气温升高2℃或0.1℃可能会导致极端天气、海平面上升、生态系统破坏和人类健康风险等严重影响。

10. Scaling the temperature increase from 1℃ up to 5℃ causes various environmental effects. Enumerate those effects due to global climate change and discuss the details concerning the different foreseeable future developments and impacts!将温度升高从 1℃ 增加到 5℃ 会导致各种环境影响。 列举全球气候变化造成的影响，并讨论有关不同可预见的未来发展和影响的细节！

Ocean acidification threatens fish and fishing industry. Africa’s agricultural yields may decrease by 10-20%, and China’s rice gains by 5-12%. Water scarcity in the Mediterranean limits irrigation, while drought impacts Southern Europe. Starving people may increase by 150-500 million. Africa and northern latitudes experience crop reductions. Dry regions like Australia struggle with agriculture, while higher latitudes see yield increases.海洋酸化威胁着鱼类和渔业。 非洲农业产量可能下降10-20%，中国稻米增产5-12%。 地中海缺水限制了灌溉，而干旱影响了南欧。 挨饿的人可能会增加150-5亿。 非洲和北纬地区作物减产。 像澳大利亚这样的干旱地区的农业发展举步维艰，而高纬度地区的产量却有所增加。

0628

11. Describe the basic structure and mode of action of a compression heat pump!描述压缩式热泵的基本结构和作用方式！

Essential components required for the process are:该过程所需的基本组件是： Evaporator: refrigerant (evaporation temperature <0°C) is evaporated by supplying low-temperature heat.蒸发器：通过提供低温热量使制冷剂（蒸发温度<0℃）蒸发 Compressor: e.g. The electric motor compresses the vaporous refrigerant to a high operating pressure which heats the fluid up to significant higher temperatures.压缩机：例如 电动机将气态制冷剂压缩至高工作压力，从而将流体加热至明显更高的温度。 Condenser: Here, the heat energy at high temperature level is used as heat (house heating, water heating); the refrigerant is liquefied again.冷凝器：这里，高温级的热能被用作热量（房屋供暖、水加热）； 制冷剂再次液化 Throttle (expansion valve): the working fluid under pressure is released again; it cools down and returns to the evaporator.节流阀（膨胀阀）：受压的工作流体再次释放； 它冷却并返回蒸发器

12. Describe the basic structure of a Dish Stirling system! Label the following sketch!描述碟式斯特林系统的基本结构！ 标记下面的图！

①: Parabolic dish抛物面碟
②: Elevation support高程支撑
③: Circular support圆形支撑
④: Drive unit rack驱动单元架
⑤: Electronic control box电控箱
⑥: Azimuthal drive unit方位角驱动装置
⑦: Basement 支撑装置
⑧: Azimuthal drive unit rack方位驱动单元架
⑨: Turning device翻转装置
⑩: Stirling engine supporting framework斯特林发动机支撑框架

⑪: Stirling engine斯特林发动机

0629

1. What is Nuclear Fusion? Explain the basic principle of Nuclear Fusion.什么是核聚变？ 解释核聚变的基本原理

Nuclear fusion is the process of atomic nuclei combining to form a new nucleus. This reaction powers the sun and stars, releasing energy. Fusion reactions can be either exothermic (releasing energy) or endothermic (absorbing energy).

2. What is Nuclear Fission? Explain the basic principles of Nuclear Fission.

Nuclear fission is the process in which an atomic nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei, releasing a significant amount of energy. It can lead to a chain reaction, unlike fusion.核裂变是原子核分裂成两个或更多个较小原子核并释放大量能量的过程。 与聚变不同，它会导致连锁反应。

3. What are Solar Winds? What is the effect of Solar Winds on the earth?什么是太阳风？ 太阳风对地球有什么影响？

Solar winds are streams of charged particles expelled from the Sun that can cause magnetic field disturbances, ionospheric effects, particle hazards, and contribute to atmospheric escape.

4. Why are lower irradiance levels usually measured on Earth than in space?为什么在地球上测量到的辐照度水平通常低于在太空中测量的辐照度水平？

Lower irradiance levels are typically measured on Earth than in space due to atmospheric reflection, absorption, Rayleigh scattering, and Mie scattering caused by components of the atmosphere and particles in the air.

5. Calculate the mean temperature of the solar surface with the value of the solar constant = 1360 W / m2! Take as middle-distance earth-sun = km! 遇到乱码点我

,而

这使得可以使用斯蒂芬-玻尔兹曼定律来确定太阳的表面温度。

斯蒂芬-玻尔兹曼常数投降

6.Global Irradiance on a Horizontal Surface on the Earth. Give a formula and explain the relevance.地球水平表面上的全球辐照度。 给出一个公式并解释其相关性。遇到乱码点我

0630

7. Calculate the direct irradiation on a surface deviating from the horizontal by 10° (30°solar radiation), if one knows the irradiance Edir, hor on the horizontal surface!

(not important) P31

8. Sketch the influence of inclination angle γE and surface efficiency on the shading angle α!

(not important) P54

9. In the following solar orbit diagram, the shading effects are entered in the form of an object traverse. Rate and discuss the shading effects!在下面的太阳轨道图中，阴影效果以物体遍历的形式输入。 评价并讨论阴影效果！

These calculations are performed for all obstacles in the vicinity of the solar system. Object height and distance to the observer point must be known Silhouette of the environment in the form of a polygon (= object polygon) is entered in a sun orbit diagram Read when shadowing occurs这些计算是针对太阳系附近的所有障碍物进行的。 必须知道物体高度和到观察点的距离 将多边形形式的环境轮廓（=物体多边形）输入到太阳轨道图中 发生阴影时读取

10. Sketch the influence of inclination angle γE and shading angle α on the relative shading losses!

(not important) P69

11. Which environmental boundary conditions lead to significant shading losses, which must be taken into account when constructing solar systems? Which rule of thumb is followed to avoid shading losses?哪些环境边界条件会导致显着的遮阳损失，在构建太阳能系统时必须考虑这些？ 遵循哪种经验法则可以避免阴影损失？

Minimize shading losses in solar systems by considering these factors:通过考虑以下因素来最大限度地减少太阳能系统的遮阳损失：

1. Buildings: Keep a distance of at least 2.7 times the height of the shadow-casting edge from the solar facade.建筑物：与太阳立面的距离至少为阴影投射边缘高度的2.7倍。
2. Trees/Vegetation: Maintain a distance of at least 2 times the height for stand-alone conifers. Be cautious with deciduous trees due to extended foliage periods.树木/植被：保持独立针叶树高度至少 2 倍的距离。 由于叶子期较长，因此要小心落叶树。
3. Topography: Shading effects are influenced by nearby objects’ altitude. Northern slopes increase shading, while southern slopes decrease it.地形：阴影效果受附近物体海拔高度的影响。 北坡增加阴影，而南坡减少阴影。 Follow these guidelines to reduce shading and optimize solar system efficiency.遵循这些方法可以减少遮挡并优化太阳能系统效率。

12. To measure the global irradiance 2 measurement principles are used. Describe these with typical application features and restrictions!

(not important)

1. Semiconductor sensors: These sensors generate a current based on the irradiance, but they are affected by temperature and spectral changes and require corrections for accurate measurements.
2. Pyranometers: These instruments directly measure total solar radiation and are not influenced by temperature or spectral variations. They provide reliable measurements of global irradiance.

0704

1. Name technical possibilities for the thermal use of solar energy!说出太阳能热利用的技术可能性！

Technical possibilities: Space heating, hot water heating, industrial processes; Solar cooling; Solar thermal power generation. Most common: Drinking water heating with the help of closed collector systems. Swimming pool heating with the help of open collector systems.

2. When solar drinking water heating two fundamentally different systems are used. Describe these systems by naming advantages and disadvantages! Use sketches!当太阳能饮用水加热时，使用两种根本不同的系统。 通过说出优点和缺点来描述这些系统！ 画出草图！

3. In a 300l drinking water heat exchanger, the water is heated to 50oC via a solar system. Calculate the stored heat at an ambient temperature of 20oC ! (CWasser = 4,181 kJ/(kg K)=1,161 Wh/(kg K) ; Wasser = 0,9881 kg/Liter)在 300l 饮用水热交换器中，水通过太阳能系统加热至 50oC。 计算环境温度为20℃时所储存的热量！ （CWasser = 4,181 kJ/（kg K）=1,161 Wh/（kg K）；Wasser = 0,9881 kg/升）

4. The average hot water requirement of a multi-person household is 50 liters per day and person. Determine the specific useful heat in Wh / (day and person) for a hot water temperature of 45oC and a chilled water temperature of 15oC! (CWasser = 4,181 kJ/(kg K)=1,161 Wh/(kg K) ; Wasser = 0,9881 kg/Liter)多人家庭平均热水需求量为每人每天50升。 确定 45oC 热水温度和 15oC 冷冻水温度的比有用热量（以 Wh/（天和人）为单位）！ （CWasser = 4,181 kJ/（kg K）=1,161 Wh/（kg K）；Wasser = 0,9881 kg/升）

1. What types of concentrators are used in concentrating solar thermal energy? Name and/or sketch types of these systems!聚光太阳能热能时使用什么类型的聚光器？ 这些系统的名称和/或草图类型！

Fresnel Collector; Parabolic trough collector; Point Concentrator(STPP); Dish Stirling

2. What is meant by line collectors? When do you call it a Fresnel collector?线路收集器是什么意思？ 什么时候称其为菲涅耳集光器？

Focus the sunlight onto an absorber tube. The concentrator is either closed or distributed.将阳光聚焦到吸收管上。 集中器可以是封闭式的，也可以是分布式的。 If the concentrator is distributed over several mirrors, whereby these are optimally positioned to the absorber tube, one speaks of a Fresnel collector.如果聚光器分布在多个反射镜上，从而将这些反射镜最佳地定位到吸收管，则称为菲涅尔收集器。

3. Describe the Carnot-Prozess!描述卡诺进程！

Ideal cycle process proposed by Carnot: heat and work are periodically added and removed again.卡诺提出的理想循环过程：热量和功周期性地增加和消除。 Mechanical Utility机械效率: Thermal efficiency热效率: Efficiency of 100% can be achieved only with the heat sink of 0 K, which is why real cycle processes are always below the Carnot efficiency只有使用 0 K 的散热器才能达到 100% 的效率，这就是为什么实际循环过程总是低于卡诺效率的原因

4. Describe the Clausius Rankine process using a component sketch!使用组件草图描述克劳修斯兰金过程！

(a-b): preheat预热
(b-c): evaporation (evaporation temperature depends on pressure = 311oC at 100 bar)蒸发（蒸发温度取决于压力 = 100 bar 时 311oC）
(c-d): further overheating of the water vapor水蒸气进一步过热
(d-e): relaxation of water vapor in the turbine with the release of mechanical energy; drive of a generator for conversion into electrical energy; when the circuit is closed, the expansion pressure is below the ambient pressure (efficiency increase); 涡轮机中的水蒸气松弛并释放机械能； 驱动发电机以将其转化为电能； 当回路闭合时，膨胀压力低于环境压力（效率提高）；(100mbar: 46oC 冷凝温度)(100mbar: 46oC condensation temperature)
(e-f): release of low temperature heat Qout and condensation to liquid water释放低温热Qout并凝结成液态水
(f-a): Feedwater pump brings the liquid water back to boiler pressure and consumes a (not insignificant) part of the generated electrical energy给水泵将液态水带回锅炉压力并消耗（并非微不足道的）部分所产生的电能

5. Parabolic trough power plants (PTPP) are also designed in conjunction with thermal storage. Explain their purpose and sketch the course of the power production of a PTPP from 0 o’clock to 24 o’clock with a sunshine time of 6 to 19 o’clock! Which storage media are used here! Give an explanation!槽式抛物面发电厂（PTPP）也与蓄热结合设计。 解释它们的用途并勾画出 PTPP 从 0 点到 24 点、日照时间为 6 点到 19 点的发电过程！ 这里用的是什么存储介质！ 给个解释吧！

Excessive gasification by natural gas should be avoided. Integration of a thermal storage is better!应避免天然气过度气化。 集成储热效果更好！ 2-tank systems.2 罐系统。

• Loading: Liquid salt is pumped from the cold to the hot tank (T ≈380𝑜𝐶)装载：液态盐从冷罐泵入热罐（T ≈380𝑜𝐶）
  
• Discharging: Liquid salt from the hot pumped back into the cold tank排放：液体盐从热泵送回冷罐
  
• Temperature of the cold tank (T ≈280𝑜𝐶)> solidification temperature of the salt冷槽温度（T≈280𝑜𝐶）>盐的凝固温度
  

0705

1. Explain the photo effect!解释一下照片效果！

1839: Becquerel discovers the photo effect. The energy of the photons (with wavelength) of the light is calculated by: E=hc/ c = Speed of light: 3108 m/s h = Planck’s effect quantum = 6,626075510-34 Js The release of electrons from the nucleus from the atomic composite by photons is called an external photoeffect. For example, if a photon with the energy of 13.59 eV (1 eV = 1,6021810-19 J) hits the electron of the first web in hydrogen, this energy is sufficient to release the electron completely from the nucleus.1839 年：贝克勒尔发现照片效应。 光的光子能量（带有波长）的计算公式为： E=hc/ c = 光速：3108 m/s h = 普朗克效应量子 = 6,626075510-34 Js 来自原子核的电子由光子复合而成称为外光效应。 例如，如果能量为 13.59 eV（1 eV = 1,6021810-19 J）的光子撞击氢中第一网的电子，则该能量足以将电子从原子核中完全释放。

2. What is meant by doping a high-purity silicon cell?高纯硅电池掺杂是什么意思？

On the one hand, the silicon is doped with phosphorus atoms in a ratio of 1 phosphorus atom to 1 million silicon atoms. The other side of the silicon slices is doped with the element boron (three-valued). Boron has an electron less than is needed to fit into the crystal; “Holes” are created, which are also called “defect electrons”.一方面，硅以1个磷原子对100万个硅原子的比例掺杂有磷原子。 硅片的另一面掺杂有元素硼（三值）。 硼的电子少于晶体所需的电子； 产生“空穴”，也称为“缺陷电子”。

3. Sketch the structure of a solar cell!画出太阳能电池的结构！

4. What is the significance of photovoltaics as a renewable energy source in China and Germany?光伏作为可再生能源对中德两国有何意义？

China: Largest PV Market: China is the world’s largest market for PV installations, both in terms of capacity and annual installations. The Chinese government has been actively promoting solar energy to combat pollution, diversify their energy mix, and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Government Support: The Chinese government has implemented various policies and incentives to stimulate the PV industry’s growth. These include feed-in tariffs, subsidies, tax incentives, and renewable energy targets. These measures have contributed to the rapid expansion of the PV sector. Manufacturing Powerhouse: China is a global leader in PV manufacturing, with numerous domestic companies dominating the industry. This has resulted in economies of scale, reduced production costs, and increased accessibility to solar panels within the country. Solar Capacity Expansion: China has made significant progress in expanding its solar capacity. It has built large-scale PV parks and implemented distribute from中国：最大的光伏市场：无论是在装机容量还是年安装量方面，中国都是全球最大的光伏装机市场。 中国政府一直在积极推广太阳能，以应对污染、实现能源结构多元化并减少对化石燃料的依赖。 政府支持：中国政府实施了各种政策和激励措施来刺激光伏产业的增长。 其中包括上网电价补贴、补贴、税收优惠和可再生能源目标。 这些措施促进了光伏产业的快速扩张。 制造强国：中国是光伏制造领域的全球领先者，众多国内企业在该行业占据主导地位。 这带来了规模经济、降低了生产成本并增加了国内太阳能电池板的可及性。 太阳能产能扩张：中国在扩大太阳能产能方面取得了重大进展。 建设了大型光伏园区并实施分布式发电

0706

1. Explain the causes of wind creation!解释风产生的原因！

Solar radiation causes temperature differences on Earth. The equator receives more sunlight, heating the air and making it rise. Meanwhile, the poles receive less sunlight, causing the air to be colder and stay near the ground. This temperature contrast leads to variations in air pressure, with high and low pressure areas forming. Air flows from high to low pressure regions, creating a continuous cycle of motion known as wind.太阳辐射引起地球上的温差。 赤道接收更多阳光，加热空气并使其上升。 与此同时，两极接收到的阳光较少，导致空气变冷并靠近地面。 这种温度对比导致气压变化，形成高压区和低压区。 空气从高压区域流向低压区域，形成连续的运动循环，称为风。

2. Give the approximate cW value of the bodies shown below!给出下面所示物体的近似 cW 值！

①1.1到1.3 ②0.6到1.0 ③0.3到0.4 ④0.4(closed), 0.34(closed back)
⑤0.16到0.2 ⑥0.07到0.09 ⑦0.055 ⑧1.2(closed), 1.3(open front)

3. Describe possibilities for power limitation and windstorm of wind turbines!描述风力涡轮机功率限制和暴风雨的可能性！

Stall control: Stall-controlled systems maintain constant rotor speed but are prone to turbulent stalls, limiting predictability and maximum power output.失速控制：失速控制系统保持恒定的转子速度，但容易出现湍流失速，限制可预测性和最大功率输出。
Pitch control: The rotor blade actively adjusts its angle of attack to optimize power production and prevent stall, requiring additional energy.桨距控制：转子叶片主动调整其攻角，以优化发电并防止失速，从而需要额外的能量。

4.Please complete the following sketch!请完成下面的草图！

①: wind measurement风测量
②: rotor blade转子叶片
③: gearbox变速箱
④: hub枢纽
⑤: generator发电机
⑥: azimuth drive方位驱动
⑦: nacelle机舱
⑧: tower塔